Critical Minerals in AGOA: Niobium, Tantalum, and Vanadium

This report assesses the current state of niobium, tantalum, and vanadium production and trade in the subset of Sub-Saharan Africa countries that are eligible for African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) benefits in 2024. Niobium, tantalum, and vanadium, which are used in applications such as steel, electronics, aerospace, defense, and energy storage, are covered in one report since they are grouped together in some Harmonized System (HS) codes (which are the codes assigned to goods for the purposes of global trade) and, therefore, it is not possible to disaggregate global trade in these products for some stages of the value chain.